Family Process 1972

Heft 1

Rice, David G., William F. Fey & Joseph G. Kepecs (1972): Therapist Experience and ,Style’ as Factors in Co-therapy. In: Family Process, 11 (1), S. 1–12.

Abstract: NOTE: SEVERAL PASSAGES HAVE BEEN TRANSPOSED IN THIS ARTICLE. IT HAS BEEN REPRINTED CORRECTLY IN VOL. 11, JUNE, 1972 AT PAGE 227 Self-descriptions of general in-therapy behavior, attitudes toward co-therapy, and ratings of co-therapy effectiveness were collected from 25 experienced (E) and 25 inexperienced (IE) therapists who treated a total of 48 married couples in co-therapy. Major findings were: (a) six different therapeutic ’styles‘ emerged via factor analysis of the therapists‘ self-descriptions of in-therapy behavior, (b) E and IE therapists as a group had different personal therapeutic styles and preferences as to the style desired in a co-therapist, (c) subjectively rated effectiveness of co-therapy correlated with the degree of comfort felt by the therapist in the relationship and the acceptance by the co-therapist, and (d) there was evidence of a ‚point of diminishing returns‘ in satisfaction for therapists in general, which came with increasing experience in doing co-therapy.

Whitaker, Carl A. (1972): Commentary on Rice et al.: Therapist Experience and ,Style’ as Factors in Co-therapy. In: Family Process, 11 (1), S. 13–15.

Abstract: Dr. Rice and his colleagues have presented a fascinating set of data on co-therapy. The discovery that the more co-therapy, the less desirable it seems to the therapist and that the comfort with one’s co-therapist decreases with the number of couples treated seems to me a honeymoon phenomenon. The samples of therapists used in this study should be labeled „experienced“ or „inexperienced“ in doing co-therapy, not experienced or inexperienced in doing therapy. Just as the first fight in a new marriage is devastating, I assume for therapists who are beginning to use co-therapy the first fight with the co-therapist seems devastating. Certainly the stress between co-therapists is much more disturbing and personal as feedback for the therapist than fighting with a patient. Furthermore, the battle between the co-therapists often results in a collusion between one therapist and patient against the other therapist or even a collusion between the couple in treatment and one therapist against the other therapist. This threatens not only one’s therapeutic comfort, but also one’s personal security. To further expand on this idea, if a co-therapy setting is like father, mother, and children, then in fantasy when mother is away, father and the children have a peaceful life. In reality, only when the children (patient) split mother and father (co-therapists), do things become chaotic. Even the choice of co-therapist, like the choice of marital partner, depends upon who is available, who is complementary to the therapist and with whom one identifies. Therefore, the choice is not a free one but is closely related to the situation.

Lewis, Robert A. (1972): A Developmental Framework for the Analysis of Premarital Dyadic Formation. In: Family Process, 11 (1), S. 17–48.

Abstract: A developmental framework for the analysis of premarital dyadic formation (PDF) is presented by the time-order interrelating of six pair processes, i.e., the achieving of similarity perception, pair rapport, self-disclosure, role-taking, role-fit, and dyadic crystallization. Empirical linkages between these pair processes are examined as underpinning for a conceptual framework from which developmental hypotheses may be generated and tested for the purpose of establishing construct validity for the PDF Framework.

Simon, Robert M. (1972): Sculpting the Family. In: Family Process, 11 (1), S. 49–57.

Abstract: In family sculpting the members of a family create a physical representation of their relationships at one point in time by arranging their bodies in space. The techniques, rationale, and uses of this method no described.

Kinzie, David, P. C. Sushama & Mary Lee (1972): Cross-Cultural Family Therapy – A Malaysian Experience. In: Family Process, 11 (1), S. 59–67.

Abstract: This case report illustrates the possibilities and difficulties of family therapy in a non-Western culture. Malaysia is a truly multiracial society with diverse ethnic groups having different religions, languages, and cutural patterns of relationships. In addition, the nation as a whole, and each ethnic group in particular, is in the process of cultural change, which produces stress on the traditional family’s style of relationships. The therapists working in this culture are often crossing religious, linguistic, and socioeconomic barriers, as well as encountering the cultural pressures placed upon families. We will formulate some general problems in cross-cultural psychotherapy, discuss some aspects of this specific culture and family with a case report, and offer some suggestions for handling problems in family therapy under these circumstances.

Olson, David H. (1972): Empirically Unbinding the Double Bind: Review of Research and Conceptual Reformulations. In: Family Process, 11 (1), S. 69–94.

Abstract: This article reviews the empirical research on the double-bind concept and describes the conceptual and methodological limitations of the studies. Because of the difficulty in defining and operationalizing the concept, most studies have not adequately tested substantive issues related to the double-bind hypothesis. The relationship of the concept to other family dynamics concepts is discussed and a reformulation of some of the basic tenets are presented. The article also attempts to clarify several of the theoretical and methodological issues related to the double-bind hypothesis, and specific recommendations are made regarding future research on this topic.

Mann, Jay & Sheldon Starr (1972): The Self-Report Questionnaire as a Change Agent In Family Therapy. In: Family Process, 11 (1), S. 95–105.

Abstract: Results of a recent study of the sexual behavior of a group of married couples indicated that the process of completing daily self-reports of sexual behavior induced changes in the activities measured. On the strength of these results and other reports indicating that self-monitoring may induce behavioral change, a procedure for using self-report questionnaires as agents of change for families in therapy was devised and clinically tested. Application of the procedure to a variety of clinical problems is described.

Rabkin, Richard (1972): Rabkin on Books. In: Family Process, 11 (1), S. 107–109.

Rabkin, Richard (1972): Review – Charles R. Shaw & Alexander R. Lucas (1970): The Psychiatric Disorders of Childhood. (2nd ed.) New York, Appleton-Century Crofts (Meredith Corp.), 1970. In: Family Process, 11 (1), S. 109–110.

Glick, Ira (1972): Abstracts. In: Family Process, 11 (1), S. 119–123.

Heft 2

Mosher, Loren R., Cynthia Wild, Allen Valcov & Anna E. Feinstein (1972): Cognitive Style, Schizophrenia, and the Family: Methodological Implications of Contextual Effects. In: Family Process, 11 (2), S. 125–146.

Abstract: The study of a single case of a family with one schizophrenic daughter is reported here. A variety of measures were used in the study and it was carried out in a number of different contexts. The study has substantive interest in regard to the inter-connections of schizophrenia and of individual and familial patterns of cognition and perception. In addition it raises important methodological considerations stemming from the variability of the measures across differing contexts.

Umbarger, Carter (1972): The Paraprofessional and Family Therapy. In: Family Process, 11 (2), S. 147–162.

Abstract: The new career movement in the community mental health field will increasingly demand that training programs provide the paraprofessional with a clinical role that avoids the temporary and mostly erroneous advantages of being an ‚indigenous‘ worker. Clinical functions taught in training need to be related to the problems of the urban poor; it is this group that needs a concept of service that can combine management of reality with beneficial restructuring of psychological systems. The resulting role is that of the paraprofessional family therapist – a new career that offers service to the troubled family unit of the urban poor and vocational definition to the person who is so trained.

Hall, Rosie L. (1972): A Paraprofessional’s View of Supervision. In: Family Process, 11 (2), S. 163–169.

Abstract: The experience of a black paraprofessional community worker is presented in this paper with special emphasis on the problems of shifting to a family-oriented point of view in her work. Problems associated with the supervisory relationship and with the worker’s use of herself as a therapeutic person are discussed as well.

Kaffman, Mordecai (1972): Family Conflict in the Psychopathology of the Kibbutz Child. In: Family Process, 11 (2), S. 171–188.

Abstract: Over the past twenty years, the author has had a unique opportunity to observe the incidence and nature of emotional disorders exhibited by the child population of about one hundred Israeli kibbutz settlements. An analysis of this clinical material shows that those factors related to disturbed relationships within the kibbutz family far outnumber all other pathogenic elements, both in the frequency of their appearance and the severity of their impact. A distinct pattern of family malfunctioning appears to be the most significant pathogenic element – this despite the centralized caretaking, training, and socializing functions of the kibbutz educators, to whom many tasks ordinarily performed by parents in the traditional family situation, have been delegated.

Wells, Richard A., Thomas C. Dilkes & Nina Trivelli (1972): The Results of Family Therapy: A Critical Review of the Literature. In: Family Process, 11 (2), S. 189–207.

Abstract: A search was conducted in the family therapy literature for studied which reported on the outcome of family therapy. It was difficult to find any consensus on a definition of family therapy. Therefore an arbitrary definition, involving the predominant use of joint and family interviews, was stipulated. A total of eighteen studies met minimal standards for inclusion and were summarized and discussed in this paper. Only two of these studies could be considered adequate in their research design; the remainder of the studies were (with one borderline exception) considered inadequate. The clinical evaluations of family therapy were summarized and possible methods and goals for future research into the outcome of family therapy are discussed.

Osman, Shelomo (1972): My Stepfather Is a She. In: Family Process, 11 (2), S. 209–218.

Abstract: Homosexual marriages in which children are reared are increasingly in evidence as one of the proliferating new family forms. Mental health practitioners will be called on to involve themselves professionally with such families and to develop skills appropriate to support the functioning of such unions, as well as to alleviate their distress. This article consists of the treatment of a lesbian couple and their two sons.

Anandam, Kamala & Ruth Highberger (1972): Child Compliance and Congruity between Verbal and Nonverbal Maternal Communication – A Methodological Note. In: Family Process, 11 (2), S. 219–226.

Abstract: This paper is a report of a study of congruity between verbal and nonverbal maternal communication with sons during two 30-minute sessions. The instructions to the mothers varied for the two sessions by increasing the time the mother was asked to spend on a brain teaser game and by decreasing the number of play materials available for the sons in the second session. The two sessions were videotaped through a one-way mirror and rated independently for maternal verbal and nonverbal communicaiton and child compliance. Mothers differed for the two sessions in their communication with their sons. The study demonstrated that maternal nonverbal communication, as well as verbal communication, can be reliably measured through use of videotape recording.

Rice, David G., William F. Fey & Joseph G. Kepecs (1972): Therapist Experience and ‚Style‘ as Factors in Co-therapy. In: Family Process, 11 (2), S. 227–233.

Abstract: Self-descriptions of general in-therapy behavior, attitudes toward co-therapy, and ratings of co-therapy effectiveness were collected from 25 experienced (E) and 25 inexperienced (IE) therapists who treated a total of 48 married couples in co-therapy. Major findings were: (a) six different therapeutic ’styles‘ emerged via factor analysis of thetherapists‘ self-descriptions of in-therapy behavior, (b) E and IE therapists as a group had different personal therapeutic styles and preferences as to the style desired in a co-therapist, (c) subjectively rated effectiveness of co-therapy correlated with the degree of comfort felt by the therapist in the relationship and the acceptance by the co-therapist, and (d) there was evidence of a ‚point of diminishing returns‘ in satisfaction for therapists in general, which came with increasing experience in doing co-therapy.

Whitaker, Carl A. (1972): Commentary on Rice et al.: Therapist Experience and ,Style’ as Factors in Co-therapy. In: Family Process, 11 (2), S. 239–241.

Rabkin, Richard (1972): Rabkin on Books. In: Family Process, 11 (2), S. 245–246.

Rabkin, Judith (1972): Review – Rhona Rapoport & Robert Rapoport (1971): Dual-Career Families. Baltimore (Penguin Books). In: Family Process, 11 (2), S. 246–247.

Weiss, Robert L. (1972): Review – David Knox (1971): Marriage Happiness: A Behavioral Approach to Counseling. Champaign, Ill. (Research Press Company). In: Family Process, 11 (2), S. 247–248.

Abstracts of Literature. (1972): In: Family Process, 11 (2), S. 253–254.

Heft 3

Crabtree, Loren H., James A. Brecht & John C. Sonne (1972): Monadic Orientation: A Contribution to the Structure of Families with Autistic Children. In: Family Process, 11 (3), S. 255–274.

Abstract: In the schizophrenogenic family, many interactions appear to function to maintain pathological dyadic alliances. This paper reports the family treatment of a family with an autistic child and develops the view that in an autistogenic family interactions tend toward maintaining self-isolation and disaffiliation. This process of splitting and dissolving dyads and the tendency to maintain isolation of family members is held to be an essential feature of the autistogenic process; it is referred to as the monadic orientation.

Raush, Harold L. (1972): Process and Change – A Markov Model for Interaction. In: Family Process, 11 (3), S. 275–298.

Abstract: The finite Markov chain suggests a relatively atheoretical model of analyzing and evaluating a complex multi-determined relation as it evolves through time. The model encompasses both stability and change, and it yields implications for personal, interpersonal, and environmental modifications. The approach suggests five forms of change. Three of these derive from the spinning out of inherent forces represented in the structures of systems; the other two forms are more fundamental. Some hypothetical and empirical examples illustrate these process considerations in dyadic and group relationships, and some limitations of the model are noted.

Toomim, Marjorie Kawin (1972): Structured Separation with Counseling: A Therapeutic Approach for Couples in Conflict. In: Family Process, 11 (3), S. 299–310.

Abstract: A three-month trial separation with counseling is suggested as a form of crisis intervention for couples in conflict. The purpose of the counseling is to help the marital partners understand their relationship, resolve their conflicts, decide whether their future relationship will be together or apart, and grow through the separation process. A one-year follow-up was conducted with eighteen couples who completed structured separation with counseling.

Vaglum, Per (1972): Contrasting Multi-Generational Attitudes Toward Psychosis in Two Norwegian Families. In: Family Process, 11 (3), S. 311–320.

Abstract: Two families reacted quite differently when their eldest daughters exhibited unmanageable, psychotic symptoms. One family’s reaction was to keep the daughter at home and hide from the world; the other’s reaction was to push the daughter out of the family and to forget her. This paper illustrates the influence of cultural, socioeconomic, and psychological backgrounds on these patterns of reaction. The problems of establishing a working relationship with the families are also discussed.

Culbert, Samuel A. & Jean R. Renshaw (1972): Coping with the Stresses of Travel as an Opportunity for Improving the Quality of Work and Family Life. In: Family Process, 11 (3), S. 321–337.

Abstract: The relationship between the working lives and family lives of people in our society is little explored. This article describes a case in which heavy business travel created problems both for the industrial organization and the families of the employees involved. To cope with the problem, the family perspective was brought into the organization by means of a husband-wife workshop. The workshop used structure to fit privacy norms of industry, to help couples explore aspects of their relationships that determined their individual and joint response to organizational and family stress, and to develop collaborative resources for coping with those stresses. The benefits to the families and the organization went beyond coping with the stresses of business travel and extended to other important aspects of both business and family life.

Rakoff, Vivian & Ann Rose (1972): Patterns of Response to Out-of-focus Slides of Families with an Emotionally Disturbed Member. In: Family Process, 11 (3), S. 339–346.

Abstract: Mutual facial recognition was studied in thirty families with and without a disturbed member. It appears that families with a markedly disturbed child have idiosyncratic modes of mutual recognition, particularly in the case of the mother, whereas families without a disturbed member or with a moderately disturbed child do not display idiosyncratic patterns. Although the sample is very small, there is a suggestion that families with a disturbed parent have patterns of recognition that are entirely different from those of the other families in the study.

Ransom, Donald (1972): Review – Harley C. Shands (1971): The War with Words: Structure and Transcendence. The Hague and Paris (Mouton). In: Family Process, 11 (3), S. 349–360.

Glick, Ira D. (1972): Abstracts of Literature. In: Family Process, 11 (3), S. 361–363.

Heft 4

Riskin, Jules & Elaine E. Faunce (1972): An Evaluative Review of Family Interaction Research. In: Family Process, 11 (4), S. 365–455.

Abstract: This article will review in detail the current status of quantifiable family interaction research. It will concentrate on the work done since 1960. An extensive reference list and glossary covering key workers and their concepts are appended.

Grolnick, Lawrence (1972): A Family Perspective of Psychosomatic Factors in Illness: A Review of the Literature. In: Family Process, 11 (4), S. 457–486.

Abstract: In the last fifteen years, we have witnessed the growth of a field which posits family as the unit of study and treatment. How does this affect our view of psychosomatic problems? We thought it useful to classify the literature in terms of family influences in the origin, precipitation, maintenance or amelioration of psychosomatic factors in illness. Much of our thinking on psychosomatic processes is derived from the work of Dr. G. Engel (40, 41, 42) and of Dr. I. Mirsky (87). In this paper, „psychosomatic“ has the broad meaning of psychological factors in somatic processes, whether the latter are reversible (psycho-physiological) or not. For brevity, „psychosomatic disorder,“ or „psychosomatic illness“ will be used instead of the more cumbersome „psychosomatic factors in illness.“

Mead, D. Eugene & Susan S. Campbell (1972): Decision-Making and Interaction by Families with and without A Drug-Abusing Child. In: Family Process, 11 (4), S. 487–498.

Abstract: As part of a larger study, the authors replicated Ferreira and Winter’s (2) study of family interaction and decision-making using families with a drug-abusing child. Ferreira and Winter compared normal families and families with a child diagnosed as schizophrenic, delinquent, or maladjusted.

Mannino, Fortune V. & Milton F. Shore (1972): Ecologically Oriented Family Intervention. In: Family Process, 11 (4), S. 499–505.

Abstract: An ecological approach to family therapy is relevant for all social classes, not only for the poor. Examples of this orientation are presented in this paper.

Rabkin, Richard (1972): Rabkin on Books. In: Family Process, 11 (4), S. 507–510.

Bloch, Donald A. (1972): Review – James L. Framo (Ed.)(1972): Family Interaction. A Dialogue Between Family Researchers and Family Therapists. New York (Springer Publishing Company). In: Family Process, 11 (4), S. 511–512.

Rabkin, Judith G. (1972): Review – Jean Baer (1972): The Second Wife: How to live happily with a man who has been married before. New York (Doubleday). In: Family Process, 11 (4), S. 512–512.

Framo, James L. (1972): Review – Jack O. Bradt & Carolyn J. Mohnihan: Systems Therapy. Groome Child Guidance Center, Loughboro Rd., Washington (Self published). In: Family Process, 11 (4), S. 512–514.